Lead-tin yellow

About the chemical structure:

Chemical name:	lead stannate (Type I) lead tin oxide silicate (Type II)
Formula:	Pb2SnO4 (Type I) Pb(Sn,Si)O3 (Type II)
Crystal system:	Lead tin yellow I: tetragonal; Lead tin yellow II: cubic pyrochlore
Refractive index:	above 2

How can you identify Lead-tin yellow?

Imaging:

n/a

Analytics:

n/a

Raman spectra: University College London;

FTIR spectra: IRUG;

Usage and handling:

Permanence:	Toxicity:
Lightfast: excellent. Degradation processes: studies have shown that it is permanent in most vehicles and can be used with all other pigments without alteration. On paintings, lead-tin yellow (type I) has been found mixed with lead white, vermilion, yellow lakes, ochres, verdigris, indigo and azurite.	very toxic. Lead-tin yellow contains lead and is poisonous. Utmost care should be used in handling the dry powder pigment to avoid inhaling the dust. MSDS: Kremer

Literature:

Kühn, H., Blei-Zinn-Gelb und seine Verwendung in der Malerei, Farbe und Lack, 73, 1967, p. 938-949

Clark, R.J.H, L.Cridland, B.M. Kariuki, K.D.M. Harris and R. Withnall, Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Raman-Spectroscopy of The Inorganic Pigments Lead-Tin Yellow Type-I and Type-II and Lead Antimonate Yellow - Their Identification on Medieval Paintings and Manuscripts, Journal of the Chemical Society-Dalton Transactions, 1995, p. 2577-2582

Artists’ Pigments. A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Vol. 2: A. Roy (Ed.) Oxford University Press 1993, p. 83-112.