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1.  Overview     2. History of use     3. Making the pigment     4. Technical details

About the chemical structure:          Chemical name: Basic lead(II)-carbonate Formula: 2 Pb(CO3)2 · Pb(OH)2 Crystal system: Trigonal (at Mineralogy Database) Refractive index: Uniaxial (-), e = 1.94, w = 2.09

A swatch of Lead white paint:

How can you identify Lead white?          Chemical identification: n/a Spectra: Raman spectra (at University College London), (pdf file download; at University of Florence, Italy)   Usage and handling:          Permanence: Toxicity: excellent lightfastness MSDS (at Fisher Scientific)   Literature:             Kühn, H., Bleiweiss und seine Verwendung in der Malerei I. und II., Farbe und Lack, 73, 1967, p. 99-105 and 209-213 Artists’ Pigments. A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Vol. 2: A. Roy (Ed.) Oxford University Press 1993, p. 67-81

Other whites         (intro) - Calcium carbonate whites - lead white - titanium dioxide - zinc white